By Safari Etien and Brenda Odhiambo

Safari Etien, a Mastercard Foundation Scholar and a third-year International Relations student was recently named as the first runners up winner of the ICRC Essay Competition for East African universities. The competition, which featured entries from over 50 universities across 7 countries, delved into the intersection of climate change, environmental degradation, and armed conflict, posing unique challenges for vulnerable populations.

The essay examined the complex challenges arising from the convergence of climate change, environmental degradation, and armed conflict. It highlighted how competition over scarce resources, displacement of populations, disruption of agriculture, and disproportionate impacts on vulnerable groups can be aggravated by climate change and environmental degradation, potentially worsening conflicts. Environmental damage during conflicts, through infrastructure destruction or exploitation of resources, can have long-term consequences. Addressing these interconnected issues requires comprehensive policies guided by international humanitarian law (IHL).

“Competition over scarce resources is intensified by climate change, worsening tensions and conflict. Climate impacts like sea level rise and desertification displace populations, straining resources in host communities and increasing tensions. Disruption of agricultural systems from climate change leads to food insecurity, hunger, and instability in regions heavily reliant on agriculture,” he noted.

“Climate change and conflicts disproportionately affect vulnerable populations including marginalized groups, women, children and the poor. Their increased vulnerability intensifies inequality, social unrest, and fuels conflicts. Environmental damage from conflicts hampers economic recovery, weakens infrastructure, and limits natural resources needed for post-conflict rebuilding,” he added.

International cooperation, according to him, is paramount in building resilience to climate impacts, preventing conflict, and sharing expertise and technical assistance. He highlighted the necessity of integrating adaptation and mitigation strategies into humanitarian efforts, particularly in providing clean water, sanitation, and clean energy while encouraging sustainable practices in conflict zones.

The essay highlights the relevance of International Humanitarian Law in safeguarding civilians and minimizing suffering during armed conflicts. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive policies that incorporate climate factors into prevention and peacebuilding strategies, anchored in IHL frameworks. Moreover, the essay calls for enhanced compliance with rules protecting civilians and the environment, along with fostering international cooperation to share expertise and prevent conflict.
Safari also stresses the importance of updating International Humanitarian Law to address the evolving nature of armed conflicts and emerging challenges. He advocates for the integration of IHL education and training into academic curricula and professional development programs to promote compliance with humanitarian principles and uphold the importance of IHL.